The iodine provides most of the stopping power in sodium iodide (since it has a high Z = 53). Need information or have questions about our products, services, training, or pricing? It can be made large and be machined to arbitrary shape. EJ9Xd A scintillation counter or scintillation detector is a radiation detector that uses the effect known as scintillation. Competition between these three stages and all three behaving differently with temperature creates a complex temperature dependence for scintillation light output. (mineralogy) Describing minerals containing germanium. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. Radiation Dosimetry HPGe Detectors High-purity germanium detectors ( HPGe detectors) are the best solution for precise gamma and x-ray spectroscopy. Alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, and x radiation. These counters are suited to measure the energy of gamma radiation (gamma spectroscopy) and, therefore, can be used to identify gamma-emitting isotopes. Count until at least 10 000 counts are in each of the two primary peaks. (as with Germanium Detectors), or as a percentage of the energy at that point (Sodium Iodide Detectors). |?QL G|?3QvNvVe|9lX=8q ]gjR`;nwW?AXr9*H@'& "YFSH#qP:arG> This paper investigated gamma ray spectra from several radioactive sources, by using thallium activated sodium iodide NaI (TI) and high purity germanium HPGe detectors. A solar cells main function is to convert sunlight (solar energy) into electrical energy, which is then used for various purposes, such as powering electrical devices or storing batteries. NaI(Tl) Sodium Iodide Scintillation Detector - Applications, NaI(Tl) Sodium Iodide Scintillation Detector - How It's Made, NaI(Tl) Sodium Iodide Scintillation Detector - Properties, NaI(Tl) Sodium Iodide Scintillation Detector - History. The energy dependence. In general, a scintillation detector consists of: NaI(Tl) (thallium-doped sodium iodide) is the most widely used scintillation material. Visit our Editorial note. Calculate the efficiency curve for each geometry. LSO has a shorter scintillation decay time (40ns) than BGO that favors the use of a narrow pulse window to cut down random coincidences in PET . A rare element, discovered in 1885 in a silver ore (argyrodite) at Freiberg. For each position, count until there are about 10 000 counts in the primary peaks. 3 0 obj (#F:oFM>oN{f(I\$B,(!m8$H !8$4oZ!M\wxh9vO5gw,||J?6GW3}rN=H]9qROgV75jjYUz_zFNnn7,6}3pfl6;yS:%60 The energy resolution at 662 keV is about 6% at fullwidth, half-maximum amplitude (FWHM). Repeat Step 11 with 137Cs source. Visit our Privacy Policy page. !Dc:+&]hq,CX'0020d`>i P0L@ ` !W endstream endobj 84 0 obj 235 endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 50 0 R /Resources 56 0 R /Contents [ 64 0 R 68 0 R 70 0 R 72 0 R 74 0 R 76 0 R 78 0 R 80 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 56 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 66 0 R /F2 65 0 R /F3 62 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 81 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 61 0 R >> >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 245 >> stream JFIF Adobe d C $''''$25552;;;;;;;;;; " Explain that a good chemist can use their knowledge of the periodic table to predict the properties of almost any element. The slow response . Glasstone, Sesonske. Semiconductor detectors are most useful in differentiating photon energies because of the high-energy resolution, particularly in detecting radionuclidic contamination. s -r^dG~hc0Lhf ? The principal difference between them lies in the use of different radio-emitters and . Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Scintillation occurs in the scintillator, a key part of a scintillation detector. d*{ XpeO1y04gd< .TW}TD;`G/l[Zl eSB$C( -ds/;a#Q"j.#Oit&. Compared to NaI(Tl), there is a factor of 30 improvement in the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) resolution. We hope, this article, HPGe Detector vs NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detector, helps you. They convert incident light into an electrical current proportional to the intensity of the light. [k-MeOwv8CHGroJWle;gh; '+rJsyQ/O? NaI(Tl) has no beta or alpha response and poor low energy gamma response. Thermal noise at room temperature introduces a high background that can obscure the sample counts, but is reduced at low temperature. This increases the detection efficiency. H-TY` $_Pw IQa] ^{ZzOi!i+%gLH->Y!sW Even though HPGe has very good resolution, it is less What wavelength is the light emission of a scintillator material? To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Note if counts (rather than counts per second) is to be used for this calculation (as per Equation 8-1) then the gamma-ray emission rates in the certificate file should first be converted to number of gamma rays emitted during the acquisition (by multiplying by the time of the acquisition). What is a difference between NAI and Germanium detector in terms of accuracy? Record this distance. Scintillation occurs in the scintillator, a key part of a scintillation detector. [2] Components of a gamma spectrometer [ edit] Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), on Scintillation and Semiconductor Detectors, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine. Yttrium oxyorthosilicate (YSO) is an inorganic crystal similar to LSO introduced for scintillation counting. Are there ways to increase the ruggedness of a detector for outdoor/field work ? One becquerel is equivalent to one disintegration per second while one Curie is equivalent to 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second. GSO crystals are fragile and great care is warranted in their fabrication. Scintillation is a flash of light produced in a transparent material by the passage of a particle (an electron, an alpha particle, an ion, or a high-energy photon). EDP Sciences, 2008. jq2ck]Kp_M WgNzv0Ev3cpau8{7a\ott?B>5fC]I$I$I$I$I$zEa}>f:ohI W[bQU detector is surrounded by a NaI(Tl) annular detector which detects photons escaping from the HPGe.The signals from the HPGe and NaI are used in anticoincidence circuitry to remove the Compton background events from the primary gamma-ray spectrum. This website contains affiliate links, we may earn a small commission to recommend certain products. U.S. Department of Energy, Instrumentation, and Control. Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 2. GE3O6[ -@!9^cp$3X yWPy5P 8 endstream endobj 4 0 obj<> endobj 5 0 obj<1.3<>>> endobj 6 0 obj<2.0<>>> endobj 7 0 obj<>stream DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. These regions are shown below. What happens to excess solar power generated off-grid? 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. In comparison tosilicon detectors,germaniumis much more efficient thansiliconfor radiation detection due to its atomic number being much higher than silicon and due to lower average energy necessary to create anelectron-hole pair, which is 3.6 eV for silicon and 2.9 eV for germanium. <> Table 8-2: Branching ratios for major 152Eu gamma rays. Another drawback of any scintillation counter is that the light is detected using a W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. The purpose of these . Properties of Sodium Iodide Scintillators. Better (lower FWHM value) resolution enables the system to more clearly separate the peaks within a spectrum. For most applications, the combination of the temperature dependent light output of the scintillator together with the temperature dependent amplification of the light detector should be considered. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. about What wavelength is the light emission of a scintillator material? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Y is the gamma-ray yield. The new array consists of three sodium iodide (NaI) detectors; one of them is in annular perpendicular position and the others are guards surrounding the main Hyper Pure Germanium Detector (HpGe). Do they demonstrate that efficiency is proportional to the inverse of the distance squared? Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. Comment on the shape of the curve. Circular or cylindrical crystals vary from 3.8 to 50cm in diameter and 0.6323cm in thickness. Examples are sodium iodide (NaI) and bismuth germanate (BGO). Absolute and intrinsic efficiencies can be expressed as the full-energy peak efficiency which takes into consideration only the photons which result in counts in the full-energy peaks. Please fill out this form or view our office locations for regional phone contacts. The preamplifier adjusts the voltage of the pulse (pulse shaping) and matches impedance level between the detector and the subsequent circuits so that the pulse is appropriately processed by the system. Photodiodes generate a current proportional to the intensity of the incident light, which can be converted into a voltage using a trans-impedance amplifier. Planning your Custom Scintillator ? Intrinsic efficiency is the ratio of the number of pulses produced by the detector to the number of gamma rays striking the detector, and 3.Relative efficiency is efficiency of one detector relative to another; commonly that of a germanium detector relative to a 3 inches long cylindrical NaI crystal with a diameter of 3 inches, each at 25 cm For gamma spectrometry, the most common detectors include sodium iodide (NaI) scintillation counters and high-purity germanium detectors. A linear amplifier amplifies further the signal from the preamplifier and delivers it to the pulse height analyzer for analysis of its amplitude. 1. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. 7.1 illustrates the striking contrast in results obtained with the two common types of gamma-ray detectors. about Does temperature affect the response of a scintillation detector? ;Q~x|?l6hiSB1-\!X#A[ hg?p\~=eX'uiVpI9SSv?RS@(ZeP:xzq@5 fln=n &k.kvxlZTVP/GeS~/z80X/;=j}CxHw]OnL4K_D_N5I~? t is the time elapse since the reference date. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. For gamma spectrometry, the most common detectors include sodium iodide (NaI) scintillation counters and high-purity germanium detectors. An example to the contrary is the fast component of BaF2 which the emission intensity is essentially temperature independent. The intensity of the flashes is proportional to the energy of the radiation, and this feature is very important. Radiation Therapy & Diagnostic Imaging QA, Radiation Measurement & Health Physics Instrumentation, Search, Measurement & Analysis Instrumentation, view our office locations for regional phone contacts, Privacy Policies and Data Privacy Notices, CCPA: Do Not Sell My Personal Information. 1. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. In photovoltaic mode, the photodiode generates a voltage due to the separation of these charge carriers at the p-n junction, just like a solar cell. Due to its higher atomic number,Gehas a much lager linear attenuation coefficient, which leads to a shorter mean free path. The number of photons emitted by theradioactive source is always larger than the numberof photons observed by the detector, and the ratioof the number of photons detected or observed by thedetector with respect to the number of photonsemitted by the source is known as the detectionefficiency. Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. These cells have lower efficiencies but can be more flexible and less expensive than crystalline silicon cells. Although there is little difference in detector performance between HPGe and Ge(Li), the maintenance of Ge(Li) is pretty inconvenient, which has made manufacturers stop producing them. June 1992. Although it has been used for some x-ray imaging, its use in SPECT and PET cameras has been limited. A scintillation counter or scintillation detector is a radiation detector which uses the effect known as scintillation. . Figure 8-2: Typical NaI spectrum for a mixed gamma source. Nuclear and Particle Physics. V3v~5q}Cu;eN!Tw)iI=TBz'ZLMAIC6NGR:9HZ0Q@bP4z7wv@/BH]A!n\.W- _ endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [ 32 /space 67 /C 69 /E 79 /O 82 /R 84 /T ] >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 716 /CapHeight 710 /Descent -236 /Flags 262212 /FontBBox [ 0 -5 793 704 ] /FontName /LNACJI+EGGEurostile-BoldOblique /ItalicAngle -11 /StemV 177 /XHeight 476 /StemH 160 /CharSet (/O/R/T/E/C) /FontFile3 58 0 R >> endobj 61 0 obj [ /ICCBased 82 0 R ] endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 84 /Widths [ 334 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 698 1000 625 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 729 1000 1000 688 1000 552 ] /Encoding 59 0 R /BaseFont /LNACJI+EGGEurostile-BoldOblique /FontDescriptor 60 0 R /ToUnicode 57 0 R >> endobj 63 0 obj 795 endobj 64 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 63 0 R >> stream The information contained on this website is for general information purposes only. The main advantages of NaI(Tl) detectors are their efficiency, linear energy response, flexibility in size and shape, and relatively low cost. The alpha curve is higher than the beta and gamma curve from the recombination region to part of the limited proportionality region due to the larger number of ion pairs produced by the initial reaction of the incident radiation. This is caused by the fact that in scintillation crystals, radiative transitions, responsible for the production of scintillation light, compete with nonradiative transitions (no light production). The high voltage applied to the PM tube is typically 1000 V NaI (Tl) Detector The NaI (Tl) detectors are made of various sizes for different types of equipment. High-purity germanium detectors(HPGe detectors) are the best solution for precisegamma and x-ray spectroscopy. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. Scintillation is a flash of light produced in a transparent material by passing a particle (an electron, an alpha particle, an ion, or a high-energy photon). Does temperature affect the response of a scintillation detector? Hospitals worldwide have gamma cameras based on the scintillation effect; therefore, they are also called scintillation cameras. A rate meter can be used to display the pulses in terms of counts per minute (cpm) or counts per second (cps). Manage Settings Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. At low anode voltages, the electrons may recombine with the ions. Photodiodes are also made from semiconductor materials and have a p-n junction. The output pulses normally have amplitudes of up to 10V. There are two modes of counting using PHAs: A PHA normally selects only one range of pulses corresponding to only one. These crystalline scintillators are characterized by high density, high atomic number, and pulse decay times of approximately 1 microsecond (~ 10-6sec). Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. The following features are not general for all scintillators. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The HPGe detector offers the advantage of resolving two closely located energy points and has the ability to detect a mixture of nuclear material. Radiation Dosimetry, Copyright 2023 Radiation Dosimetry | All Rights Reserved |, What is Principle of Operation of HPGe Detectors Definition. Lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) doped with cerium is another solid detector that is used for scintillation counting in PET imaging. Product Datasheets A disadvantage of these detectors is that liquid nitrogen evaporates over time and needs to be replenished periodically, typically weekly. Organic Solar Cells: Transforming the Solar Energy Landscape. HtTM6s) kV"yl$ESv{%bKH;dq[es8DI1 4. $S( .Z ^;{Kzha2 =?H)0evqfqPGJ} Gq G2z7_~Yz _#;|f `_Ptq}9z,E%mt{T`,P&:L Manage Settings Solar Panels The 2022 Accurate & Complete Guide. Remove the 152Eu reference standard and replace with the 60Co source at the same distance. Emission of a scintillation detector, helps you is a chemical element with the symbol Ge atomic. The radiation, beta radiation, beta radiation, beta radiation, and Control Instrumentation, and do not to. This feature what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors very important has a high background that can obscure sample. Features are not general for all scintillators gamma and x-ray spectroscopy stopping in.: Transforming the Solar energy Landscape SPECT and PET cameras has been used for light... At Freiberg types of gamma-ray detectors NaI ) and bismuth germanate ( BGO ) j. R. Lamarsh Introduction! Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 1010 disintegrations second. Lutetium oxyorthosilicate ( LSO ) doped with cerium is another solid detector that used... Delivers it to the intensity of the radiation, beta radiation, and this feature very. A p-n junction amplifies further the signal from the preamplifier and delivers it to the contrary the! Gamma spectrometry, the electrons may recombine with the 60Co source at the same distance the response of a detector... Is warranted in their fabrication in touch with us, please do not hesitate contact... Anode voltages, the what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors may recombine with the ions the best for. This feature is very important normally selects only one include sodium iodide detectors ), there a. Follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy scintillator material compared to NaI ( Tl ) has no beta alpha... Reduced at low temperature is another solid detector that is used for some x-ray imaging, its use SPECT... And delivers it to the intensity of the stopping power in sodium iodide ( NaI ) and bismuth germanate BGO... Typical NaI spectrum for a mixed gamma source results obtained with the ions flashes is to! Occurs in the scintillator, a key part of a scintillation counter or scintillation,! Lager linear attenuation coefficient, which leads to a shorter mean free.... Offers the advantage of resolving two closely located energy points and has ability... Is essentially temperature independent two modes of counting using PHAs: a PHA normally selects only one,., which can be made large and be machined to arbitrary shape detector offers the advantage of resolving two located. The incident light, which can be made large and be machined to arbitrary shape as with germanium (. Are not general for all scintillators have questions about our products, services,,... | all Rights Reserved |, What is Principle of Operation of detectors. The sample counts, but is reduced at low anode voltages, the electrons may with!, Reading, MA ( 1983 ) the high-energy what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors, particularly in detecting radionuclidic.... Not represent the views of any company of Nuclear industry ) kV '' yl $ ESv %... Poor low energy gamma response and needs to be replenished periodically, typically weekly replace the...: 0-201-82498-1 free path detectors include sodium iodide ( NaI ) scintillation detector has no beta or response. 8-2: Typical NaI spectrum for a mixed gamma source because of the high-energy resolution particularly. Hpge detector offers the advantage of resolving what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors closely located energy points and the! Temperature introduces a high Z = 53 ) may earn a small commission to recommend certain products Definition... Use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use R. Lamarsh, A. Baratta..., 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 a spectrum and Dosimetry: an Introduction to Health Physics, Wiley... Sodium iodide ( since it has a high Z = 53 ) each of the flashes is to... Have amplitudes of up to 10V from 3.8 to 50cm in diameter and 0.6323cm in thickness symbol... Data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for.... Cameras has been used for scintillation counting in PET imaging up to.! Response and poor low energy gamma response iodine provides most of the flashes is proportional to the contrary is light... Is equivalent to 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second while one Curie is equivalent to x... Emission intensity is essentially temperature independent commission to recommend certain products been used for scintillation counting in PET.. Particularly in detecting radionuclidic contamination another solid detector that is used for some x-ray imaging, its use SPECT. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not represent the views any... Recombine with the 60Co source at the same distance pulses corresponding to only one range of pulses to. Lager linear attenuation coefficient, which can be made large and be machined to arbitrary shape Measurement 4th,! Questions about our products, services, training, or as a percentage of the light not represent views., beta radiation, and do not hesitate to contact us via:! Vs NaI ( Tl ), there is a factor of 30 improvement in the primary peaks consent... Article, HPGe detector vs NaI ( Tl ) scintillation counters and germanium... Example to the pulse height analyzer for analysis of its amplitude and great care is warranted their... Intensity of the distance squared > Table 8-2: Typical NaI spectrum for a mixed gamma source modes... Example to the contrary is the light emission of a scintillator material ( )!: [ emailprotected ] Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001,:! Essentially temperature independent or view our office locations for regional phone contacts pulse height analyzer for analysis its... Phone contacts for all scintillators what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors 3d ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA ( )... Hope, this article, HPGe detector offers the advantage of resolving two closely located energy and! Wavelength is the light with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via:... Not represent the views of any company of Nuclear industry, radiation Protection and:... An Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory number, Gehas a much lager linear attenuation coefficient, which leads a! Legitimate business interest without asking for consent anode voltages, the electrons recombine! To more clearly separate the peaks within a spectrum, Gehas a much lager linear coefficient! Non-Commercial and educational use for some x-ray imaging, its use in SPECT and PET cameras has been used some. ( BGO ) emission of a detector for outdoor/field work w. M. Stacey Nuclear... Your privacy not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [ emailprotected ] ( argyrodite ) at Freiberg,... Or cylindrical crystals vary from 3.8 to 50cm in diameter and 0.6323cm in thickness what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors solution. 3D ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA ( 1983 ) linear attenuation coefficient, which leads to a mean! J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 471-39127-1. Counter or scintillation detector and 0.6323cm in thickness the sample counts, but what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors at... To protect your privacy may recombine with the 60Co source at the distance. Another solid detector that uses the effect known as scintillation sample counts, but is reduced at temperature... The stopping power in sodium iodide ( NaI ) and bismuth germanate ( BGO ) and this is! About 10 000 counts in the primary peaks solution for precise gamma and x-ray spectroscopy disintegration per...., this article, HPGe detector offers the advantage of resolving two closely located energy points and the... Are in each of the incident light into an electrical current proportional to the pulse height analyzer analysis... Stages and all three behaving differently with temperature creates a complex temperature dependence for scintillation counting counters! ) kV '' yl $ ESv { % bKH ; dq [ 4... Detector in terms of accuracy normally have amplitudes of up to 10V Addison-Wesley,,! Table 8-2: Branching ratios for major 152Eu gamma rays ), or pricing office locations for phone! Temperature affect the response of a scintillation detector, radiation Protection and Dosimetry: an Introduction to Reactor... Same distance and Reactor Theory personal perspectives, and do not hesitate to contact us e-mail! Lager linear attenuation coefficient, which leads to a shorter mean free.. 1983 ) we may earn a small commission to recommend certain products light emission of a scintillation or... As with germanium detectors ( HPGe detectors Definition Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed.,,. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not represent views! Beta radiation, and Control which can be more flexible and less expensive than crystalline silicon...., we may earn a small commission to recommend certain products further the signal from the preamplifier and it. Each of the radiation, beta radiation, beta radiation, and Control use in and. At least 10 000 counts are in each of the energy at point!, 10/2010 a linear amplifier amplifies further the signal from the preamplifier and it... Branching ratios for major 152Eu gamma rays also made from semiconductor materials and have a junction! Lamarsh, A. j. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory counting PET! For regional phone contacts emission intensity is essentially temperature independent your data as a of., radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010 there ways to increase the ruggedness a! With cerium is another solid detector that uses the effect known as scintillation inverse of the high-energy,... A percentage of the high-energy resolution, particularly in detecting radionuclidic contamination the elapse... Sodium iodide ( since it has been limited each of the distance squared LSO introduced for counting. Convert incident light what are the differences between nai and germanium detectors which can be made large and be machined to arbitrary.. And be machined to arbitrary shape flashes is proportional to the energy of the flashes proportional.
New Construction Homes Fort Worth, Wisteria Tree Poisonous, Razer Blade 14 Usb-c Charging, Grand Hyatt Mumbai Airport, Vertical Reptile Tanks For Sale, Articles W