Laboratory Gases, Types, and Equipment Encountered 3 Some regularly encountered laboratory types that have piped gases include: Pathology Laboratories; Hospital-Based Clinical Research Laboratories; University Research and Teaching Facilities; Scientific Testing Laboratories; and IVF Laboratories. 6.4.5.2 STAINLESS STEEL There is a concern that certain grades of stainless steel are susceptible to structural stress cracking and embrittlement when used with hydrogen. It is highly recommended that consultation with the laboratory staff is undertaken to ensure that the gas being supplied will meet with their requirements and the equipment being used. If a VSD is specified, the volume of the receiver will be minimal; however, if the compressors are to operate on a stop/start arrangement, then the calculation is somewhat more involved. Pressurized gas cylinders can be secured against accidentally falling over by means of standard integrated cylinder holder with retaining belts. The electropolished stainless steel tube is used to assist in the prevention of contamination due to outgassing where spontaneously combustible gases are piped and gases may be trapped in the pipe surface. (ii) The oil flooded vane type and the hook and claw type are suited to a wide range of stop-start operation between pre-set pressures whereas the dry running vane type would have limited ability due to the minimum operating pressure range available. Design laboratory workstations to accommodate the range of body dimensions that may be using the workstations. The exceptions to this volume are carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide both of which contain approximately 14,000 liters of gas which are stored in their liquid phase under high pressures (refer to Chapter 5). Chapter 5 Gas Data: Inert Gases is a gas database that provides information on the purity levels of the inert gases and the data on the equipment used for pipelines and compatibility issues for the gases used in laboratories. 3.2.1.4 INITIAL PIPELINE FLUSH The initial pipeline flushing with carbon dioxide should be set at a flow of 100 L/min to ensure that all air is displaced from the pipeline. Backflow into previously evacuated equipment may cause cross contamination between samples. This new volume, Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines: A Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals, focuses on design and installation of laboratory gas pipelines. With permission.) The inclusions are: Oil-free operation no disposal costs, easy product recovery, environmentally friendly Simple screw design fewer parts, easier maintenance Single stage no intercoolers required Small footprint for less space requirements Non contacting parts for longer pump life ATEX certified for Zone 0 and Zone 1 Oil-free and contactless sealing Simple and robust construction Optimally construable due to the many model sizes and the version available Busch offers the largest selection of ATEX-certified, mass-produced screw vacuum pumps for zones 0 to 1. 292 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines Used when certified or gravimetric gases are required and cost can be a consideration. B 31.8 S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines: These manifolds require a manual operation to alternate the supply side of the manifold. A record of carbon dioxide use should be kept to avoid the possibility of exhausting the cylinder during flushing or brazing operations. It should be noted that this tube should have the same cleanliness level as certified oxygen clean tube. To overcome this problem the plant or cylinder manifold is provided with a backup or reserve supply, in the case of cylinder supply, the number of cylinders required is duplicated with an alarm function to automatically advise staff that the change from the online supply to the reserve has occurred. The information required for any laboratory gas design must include all of the relevant properties of the gas, any compatibility issues that are applicable to the design and the acceptable pressure, flow, concentration, and other pertinent factors that are applicable to the design [1923, 25, 26, 32, 34, 59, 60, 62]. We have used the Busch range of vacuum pumps for examples. The column walls are coated with the stationary phase. Note: Medical grade gases are 99.5% pure and are not suitable for laboratory service. In addition, the equipment manufacturers must be contacted to discuss the analytical equipment that is to be connected to the gas pipelines, without which the design cannot meet the diverse requirements for any scientific laboratory. 6.3.5.2 STAINLESS STEEL There is a concern that certain grades of stainless steel are susceptible to structural stress cracking and embrittlement when used with carbon monoxide. Automatic manifolds are used in standard installations with maximum pressure requirements that do not exceed 1,000 kPa. This type of layout will require access for a forklift or similar transport system. Many of the manufacturers of vacuum pumps provide similar styles and types of units so we should look at them as types rather than a manufacturers models; each type has characteristics that meet a certain supply requirement. endstream endobj startxref It is advisable to contact the manufacturers of this equipment to ensure that the valves and equipment required for the pipeline are available at the working pressures that are necessary, as well as being suitable for the proposed purposes. Upon completion, the work must be purged with oil-free compressed air or nitrogen with a purity level equal to that of the gas to be used in the pipeline, it must be tested for particulate matter and analyzed to confirm the removal of any residual carbon dioxide. Installations of recent times will consist of a variety of manufacturers as well as different types of compressors that include reciprocating, screw, scroll, and centrifugal compressors. impact on the design of any gas pipeline, as pressure increases so do other. (AS 28962011 Figure 2.7. Each bank should have the ability to automatically provide a continuous gas supply to the laboratory to allow for a replacement of the in-use cylinder bank while operating from the reserve supply. It is not possible for a local compressor plant installed at the laboratory site to provide this quality instrument air. An excimer laser can be described as an ultraviolet laser and is used in the manufacture of microelectronic chips and semiconductor-based integrated circuits, in deep-ultraviolet photolithography and Lasik eye surgery (Figures 1.3 and 1.4). Note: At this velocity, there would be pressure losses that would be unacceptable in the majority of laboratory gas systems. A comprehensive and detailed reference guide on the integrity and safety of oil and gas pipelines, both onshore and offshore Covers a wide variety of topics, including design, pipe manufacture, pipeline welding, human factors, residual stresses, mechanical damage, fracture and corrosion, protection, inspection and monitoring, pipeline cleaning, direct assessment, repair, risk management, and . Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines: A Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals - Kindle edition by Moody, James. Although all of the different cost aspects are considered, this occurs in a segmented manner. (Source: Gascon Australia. The safety instructions are given in these operating and maintenance instructions; the existing legal regulations as well as the accident. Bacterial filters are used on the vacuum pipeline to prevent any microbial or particulate contamination from entering the vacuum pump or vessel and protect the exhaust from contamination. ASTM G8805, 5.2.7.1 Compression Pressure Ratio [14] In order to produce temperatures capable of igniting most materials in oxygen environments. When made of stainless steel, it is designed for use to 350C at pressures as high as 20,000 kPa (3,000 psi). International and National codes of practice and regulations governing the use of dangerous goods must be referenced. System operating pressure. Providing vacuum pumps that are not used at their optimal pressure range may add to the cost of the equipment and the operating costs for no benefit. Note: The use of dual olive compression fittings for pipe connections is not acceptable if it is deemed necessary to use electropolished tube and equipment. 2.2.8.4.3 Final Filtration Final Filters are installed after all other dehydration and filtration have been carried out. Controls should be arranged to ensure continuous operation of the plant. Levels of vacuum between 85 kPa to 95 kPa are used for evaporating some VOCs with low vaporization pressures. To overcome this problem the plant or cylinder manifold is provided with a backup or reserve supply, in the case of cylinder supply, the number of cylinders required is duplicated with an alarm function to automatically advise staff that the change from the online supply to the reserve has occurred. This type is not suitable for laboratory use. It is also the most common type used in the production of pressure regulators, in the majority of cases for gas purity levels up to ultra-high purity at 99.999%. Controlled pre-pressurized systems are an optional method of preventing adiabatic compression that can be caused by sudden activation of quick acting valves such as solenoid and ball valves. However, if the instrument air (or any gas) is not able to meet the purity levels demanded then the results will be worthless. Ges. Purity levels specified for the gas and confirmed by the laboratory must be met by the manifold supplier; certification should be sought from the recommended supplier that the specified purity level can be provided. 6.6.5.4BRASS Brass is used in the manufacture of isolation, and control valves. It may also be warranted to provide collection points at low points of the system. 1. Pipeline layouts and the procedure for purging with carbon dioxide should be detailed in a work method statement prior to work commencing, with records or project layout drawings maintained of the areas where the work has been completed which should be retained as part of the handover documentation. (Source: Gascon Australia. Then, a compressor plant is the best choice! provides information on types of laboratories that use laboratory gases and the equipment needed, explains the various methods of construction and the materials used to ensure that the purity of the gases remains as supplied from the manufacturers, incorporates the design methodology used to meet the various requirements of the laboratory and the information required to ensure that the correct engineering is provided, presents information on the purity levels of the gases and the data on the equipment used for pipelines and compatibility issues, presents an example of a simple laboratory gas specification that provides guidelines on the information necessary to provide a set of design documents, Registered in England & Wales No. Note: The use of VSD controls with lubricated vacuum pumps is not recommended. Note: Electropolished stainless steel tube is produced specifically for the electronics industry. Note: The use of synthetic tube is not recommended for laboratory gas pipelines, the tubing may have materials concerns that could contaminate the gas stream if specifically required the suppliers should provide confirmation that the material is fit for purpose. Reference to the ASTM G series documents provides additional information on this subject. Note 1: Selection of an appropriate ball valve for use in a laboratory gas pipeline may have critical design ramifications especially with respect to the safe operation of the system. Compliance with the National or Regional Authorities with suitable licenses obtained where applicable. 2.2 INSTRUMENT AIR PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 2.2.1 INSTRUMENT AIR COMPRESSORS There are a variety of compressors in a number of styles and types in use for the production of instrument air for laboratory purposes. The pipeline will be constructed from oxygen clean seamless stainless steel tube and connected using either orbital welding or the use of oxygen cleaned compression fittings. Used when certified or gravimetric gases are required and cost can be a consideration. Cylinder retaining brackets. 6.2.4REFERENCES Material Safety Data Sheets are available from the gas manufacturers that provide detailed information on this gas. A dual compressor and associated items of equipment with each set designed to provide 50% of the system design flow rate (Figure 2.6). For low-pressure applications synthetic tube has a different set of problems, these include: The emission of volatile organic compounds used in the manufacture of the tube. Gas Data: Inert Gases 259 Medical gas outlet connections are not suitable for laboratory service. Lubricated pumps require minimum RPM to provide the centrifugal force necessary to maintain the lubricant seal in the outer ring of the pump. 88 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines FIGURE 2.19 Duperthal single cylinder cabinet. 5. Some metals may provide a fuel source for oxygen and design procedures must be undertaken with extreme care. 3.1 Design criteria Hydrogen piping systems should be designed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.12, Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines , other applicable codes and regulations, and the special requirements for hydrogen service [7]. Carbon monoxide is a compressed gas that can cause physical injury to the user or other nearby individuals. This noise can register in the AAS [24] and cause irregularities in the printout, this type are not suitable for laboratory use. This flow rate will need to be taken into consideration when calculating the capacity of the compressor plant. The standard range used for laboratory service has a dewpoint setting of 70C. 5.11.3 COMPATIBILITY ISSUES There are compatibility concerns in vacuum systems that relate to the condensed products that are likely to be drawn into the system during use. These range from simple school laboratories using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for Bunsen burners to sophisticated teaching and research laboratories in universities and public and privately funded research and scientific facilities. 2.3 LABORATORY VACUUM PLANT 2.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY VACUUM Vacuum systems used in laboratories have a variety of uses. Note: Needle and regulating valves are the preferred types where gradual activation will prevent adiabatic compression. Push on or serrated barb connections are unsuitable for the pressures encountered for the laboratory use of this gas. Are there any additional design implications within the system that must be allowed for? What will the final pressure in the evacuated chamber be. ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines. Connections using a metal gasket sealing provide a metal-to-metal seal which delivers leak-tight service from high vacuum to positive pressure systems. FIGURE 2.10 Water operated venturi suction device. Laboratory Gases, Types, and Equipment Encountered FIGURE 1.9a Parr bench mounted models 1L and 2-L calorimeters. Each bank is manually isolated and provides a continuous gas supply to the laboratory to allow for a replacement of the in-use cylinder bank while operating from the reserve supply. Due to the wear-free operation, vacuum, and suction performance remains consistently high throughout a life cycle of the pump. It is also prohibited for the owner/operator of the safety cabinet to fail to fulfill their statutory obligations, e.g. Note: It has been suggested that the use of this tube type will improve the flow characteristics of a pipeline. There are no comprehensive single sources of technical references currently available in this market, states the author, and the generally supplied specifications provided to the construction industry are usually generic and not specifically targeted for the gases in use. The major problems facing designers include allocating sufficient space to store cylinders both full and empty or the location of a cryogenic storage site for a bulk supply. All laboratories should have gas sensors fitted for all gases used in every location. 6.4.7.2 SYSTEM PRESSURE The pressure requirements will vary to suit the equipment being used in the laboratory, most manufacturers of laboratory equipment will provide a built-in pressure regulator that allows a range of supply pressures to be tolerated. Unique, single frame architecture improves ease-of-use, provides convenient source access and enhanced serviceability. 6.6.11 ADDITIONAL DESIGN ASSISTANCE REFERENCES Flashback arrestors should be fitted to all flammable gas pipelines; the units are available in a number of formats and sizes and must Gas Data: Flammable and Toxic Gases be selected to suit the application taking flows and flash arrestor types into consideration. Electropolishing does not improve the internal cleanliness of the pipeline. b. Care must be taken to ensure that any volatile lubricants or other contaminants that may enter the gas stream and contaminate the gas supply purity are specifically excluded. If hydrocarbon contamination in the instrument air supply is suspected, it may be removed at the terminal outlet using molecular sieves that can be fitted into the pipeline. The pipeline design will necessarily include changes of direction, isolation valves, solenoid valves, relief valves, and other system controls. 6.5.7.3 SYSTEM DEPENDABILITY Each gas system will have requirements that dictate the type of supply required; many laboratories require a permanent supply that will be online twenty for hours a day and seven days a week. The regulator or manifold should be fitted with an integrated safety relief valve or if not available a relief valve should be installed downstream 102 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines of the regulator prior to the first isolation valve with the connection of an exhaust pipe vented to an external location. It is this type of personal knowledge that this book describes that has been gathered over a lifetime career. GAS TRENCH DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION A-03 Publication Date: 08/19/2020 Effective Date: 11/16/2020 Rev. Flush with instrument grade compressed air and ensure that it vents into the building exterior clear of the work site. Step 1: Construction Staging Areas & Storage Yards. The phase separator must be designed into the system taking into consideration where it is proposed to be located with sufficient 70 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines space above the pipeline to accommodate the unit. As well as the accident dangerous goods must be undertaken with extreme care legal regulations as well the! 1.9A Parr bench mounted models 1L and 2-L calorimeters these operating and maintenance ;... Staging Areas & amp ; Storage Yards and ensure that it vents into the building exterior clear of the.... As high as 20,000 kPa ( 3,000 psi ) at pressures as as! Steel, it is not recommended lubricant seal in the manufacture of isolation, and suction performance consistently. Pipelines: a Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals - Kindle edition by Moody James... 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